Effects of Rapid Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Effects of Rapid Population Growth Essay While population growth is at times a beneficial thing for a species, there are many factors that define when growth becomes detrimental. When population growth becomes rapid there is a great chance that the counter-productive level has been reached. The most accurate index is the balance between population and sustainability. 1. Rapid Growth oRapid growth is a quick increase in population. The number concerned when calculating the population is the number of individuals alive. In other words, while some areas may have large numbers of births, they may not realize an increase in their population if the death rate is sufficient to offset the birthrate. These sort of factors can actually contribute to birth rates and the rate of growth. For example, in times when populations have experienced great losses, a rapid increase in population may occur. In these situations this may be termed a correction (this is a statistical concept). The Baby Boom following World War II is an instance of this sort. Causes There can be a variety of causes for rapid population growth. There are circumstances which can create sentiment in the population that will inspire population growth. These are usually immediate, or short lived, occurrences and can cause rapid growth. There are also other conditions which seem inversely related. In areas of poverty and lower living conditions, birth rates are sometimes higher. This can result in birth rates higher than those of industrialized nations where birth control is ubiquitous and pregnancy is put off for some time. Another cause of population growth is older populations living longer while birth rates do not decline. Many nations are experiencing rapid population growth of that sort in numbers that havent existed in the past. Any combination or single factor can cause the population number to increase in the immediate, but some factors are more likely to cause sustained growth. Effects oPopulation growth, even rapid population growth, can be a positive thing. Examples include corrections when the rapid growth may actually supply a population that wouldnt have existed to contribute otherwise. With sustained growth and rapid growth though there is a risk of overpopulation. When the level of overpopulation is reached, a number of negative effects can occur and a number of startling correlations are being discovered. Among the most definite and devastating effects of overpopulation is lack of land. The lack of land results in a number of things which result in negative impact on the population. Waste management of such populations is also difficult to handle effectively and can result in pollution and detriment to the environment. Without adequate land per individual the quality of housing decreases. Another result is insufficient land to produce crops. This results in hunger and ultimately starvation. These can be catastrophic and cause repercussions in the process. One example of these problems was London after the Industrial Revolution. Because of the population explosion in London, living space was minimal, leading to overcrowded conditions. A lack of food caused malnutrition, and poor waste management led to contaminated water supplies, which caused high levels of disease, such as typhoid and cholera. Changes in population sentiment oA newer correlation that has only recently been adequately studied to comment on is the effects on social stability of overpopulation. While it may seem evident that starvation may cause discontent, scientific studies have recently shown correlation between overpopulation and civil unrest. In many areas of unstable populations higher numbers of civil conflict within the area exist. Correlations like these often risk being self-sustaining and can spiral. Looking forward oNo single action is effective against all instances of rapid population or overpopulation. Some instances of rapid population growth may be a healthy response to some new factor. Monitoring populations and helping with the individual causes of unhealthy rapid population growth may help to prevent sustained overpopulation.

Gender Inequality in the Domestic and Occupational Divisions of Labor :: Feminist Patriarchy

Assess the claim that gender inequalities in the domestic and occupational divisions of labour are best understood with reference to the concept of patriarchy. You should illustrate your answer with reference to a range of feminist perspectives. Introduction Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women ¡Ã‚ ¦s subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women ¡Ã‚ ¦s movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although  ¡Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¡K patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities ¡Ã‚ ¨ and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain women ¡Ã‚ ¦s subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994) . The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994). Gender Inequality in the Domestic and Occupational Divisions of Labor :: Feminist Patriarchy Assess the claim that gender inequalities in the domestic and occupational divisions of labour are best understood with reference to the concept of patriarchy. You should illustrate your answer with reference to a range of feminist perspectives. Introduction Western female thought through the centuries has identified the relationship between patriarchy and gender as crucial to the women ¡Ã‚ ¦s subordinate position. For two hundred years, patriarchy precluded women from having a legal or political identity and the legislation and attitudes supporting this provided the model for slavery. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries suffrage campaigners succeeded in securing some legal and political rights for women in the UK. By the middle of the 20th century, the emphasis had shifted from suffrage to social and economic equality in the public and private sphere and the women ¡Ã‚ ¦s movement that sprung up during the 1960s began to argue that women were oppressed by patriarchal structures. Equal status for women of all races, classes, sexualities and abilities - in the 21st century these feminist claims for equality are generally accepted as reasonable principles in western society; yet the contradiction between this principle of equality and the demonstrable inequalities between the sexes that still exist exposes the continuing dominance of male privilege and values throughout society (patriarchy). This essay seeks to move beyond the irrepressible evidence for gender inequality and the division of labour. Rather, it poses the question of gender inequality as it manifests itself as an effect of patriarchy drawing from a theoretical body of work which has been developed so recently that it would have been impossible to write this essay thirty years ago. Feminist Theory and Patriarchy Although  ¡Ã‚ §Ã‚ ¡K patriarchy is arguably the oldest example of a forced or exploitative division of social activities ¡Ã‚ ¨ and clearly existed before it was ever examined by sociologists, the features of patriarchy had been accepted as natural (biological) in substance. It was not until feminists in the 1960s began to explore the features and institutions of patriarchy, that the power of the concept to explain women ¡Ã‚ ¦s subordinate position in society was proven (Seidman, 1994) . The feminist engagement with theories of patriarchy criticised pre-existing theoretical positions and their ideological use, tracing theoretical progenitors of popular views about gender, gender roles etc (Cooper, 1995; Raymond, 1980). Developing theories to explain how gender inequalities have their roots in ideologies of gender difference and a hierarchical gender order, feminist theoretical concepts of patriarchy are able to explain and challenge gender inequality and the gendered division of labour in the private and social spheres (Seidman, 1994).

Psychopathy Case Study Essay

Psychopathy is a personality disorder it’s also known as sociopathic personality or psychopathic personality or antisocial personality disorder. Psychopaths can’t be understood in terms of antisocial rearing or development. Sadly they are seen as â€Å"Monsters† in our society. They are unstoppable and untreatable predators whose violence is planned, purposeful and even emotionless. The violence continues until it reaches a plateau at age 50 or so then it tapers off. It’s evident when a person has an enduring way of thinking, acting and feeling that is significantly different. It’s a longstanding illness, and inflexible. They act in such a way that’s classed as not socially excepted. There are ten types of personality disorders. Paranoid, Borderline, Schizoid, Schizotypal, Histrionic, Narcissistic, Avoidant, Obsessive, Dependant, Anti Social. Those who struggle with a personality disorder have a great difficulty dealing with others. They tend to be inflexible, rigid and unable to respond to the changes and demands of life. Although they feel that their behaviour patterns are normal or right, people with personality disorders tend to have a narrow view of the world and find it difficult to participate in social activities. Personality disorders are grouped into three major groups: Group A: includes paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal disorders identifies odd or eccentric personality disorders. Paranoid personality disorder (PPD) is characterized by persistent feelings of distrust and suspicion against others. Schizoid personality disorder (SPD) is defined by detachment and lack of interest in relationships with others. An individual with SPD may prefer solitary activities and emotionally detached from others. They can also believe in magical or unconventional beliefs, as in someone with Schizotypal disorder may believe he or she has magical powers. Group B: the second group of personality disorders contains emotional disorders. Anti-social personality disorder (APD) is characterized by an apparent disregard for the safety and feelings of others. People with APD may engage in criminal or reckless behaviour. Borderline personality (BPD) is indicated by an unstable sense of self impulsivity and tendency towards strict Black and White thinking. BPD’s have histo ry of unstable relationships and engage in self destructive behaviour. As in self mutilation, reckless, spending obsessions, or binge eating. Histrionic personality is characterized by extreme theatricality and a constant need to be centre of attention. Narcissistic disorder is indicated by an inflated sense of self-importance and entitlement. Group C: the last group are classed as fearful or anxious like a person with avoidant personality disorder thee people may be afraid of criticism or rejection, and withdraws from social situations. The second of the fearful and anxious personality disorders is also known as dependant personality disorder (DPD) unlike avoidant personality disordered patients. A person with DPD is intensely dependant on other people. Obsessive compulsive personality disorder is characterized by pre occupation with lists and orderliness often to the point it interferes with interpersonal relationships. It has been said that psychopaths with lower intelligence or poor education are more likely to end up in our prison systems than Psyc hopaths with a higher level of education. Treatment for this disorder is very limited; patients with a Psychopathic disorder could take place in a variety of in-patient settings such as special hospitals, regional secure units, and intensive Psychiatric care units. Treatment in prison’s governor responsible therapy for those with mental a illness. There are medications that could be used for patients with personality disorders such as your common forms of anti depressants, Lithium, Benzodiazepines, Psychostimulants and Anti convulsants, Neuroleptics. All or some may affect patients in many different ways. These are known as your Pharmacological treatments. There are other forms of treatments such as physical treatments, behaviour therapy, cognitive approaches, Individual and group psychotherapy, therapeutic community approaches, are also available.

Information Sharing Essay

Abstract- Information sharing is a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip effect. Previous research suggested that applying different ISS(information sharing strategy) to the supply chain may improve the supply chain performance under a simplified two-level supply chain model. In this paper, we present a simulation study that investigates the effectiveness of information sharing under different information sharing strategy scenarios within a complex multi-level supply chain model. In our research, a computer model is developed to simulate the complex multi-level supply chain model. The simulation data and results analysis show both distributors and suppliers gain significantly from information sharing no matter under different information sharing strategy except retailers and different information sharing strategy has great influence on supply chain performance. Keywords- information sharing; information sharing strategy; bullwhip effect; multi-level supply chain model; simulation I. INTRODUCTION Supply chain collaboration has a major impact on an organization’s ability to meet customer needs and reduce costs, especially under demand uncertainty. It has become a research focus. While a key step in supply chain collaboration is to share information among the supply chain partners. And information sharing is also viewed as a major strategy to counteract the bullwhip effect [1,2,3,4]. So evaluating the effectiveness or the value of information sharing becomes hot issue[5,6].Previous research indicated the effectiveness of information sharing on supply chain[7]. Other research suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance[8,9,13,14]. But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified. What’s  more their research is independent and did not connect the two factors which are information sharing and information sharing strategy. Till now, very little research has been done about the effectiveness of information sharing and whether different ISS improve the supply chain performance in complex multilevel supply chain. Z.Huang and A.Gangopadhyay[7] put forward that the inventory costs and backorder penalties are measured in evaluating the supply chain performance, but it is limited because the function is not an expression. We improve on it and put forward an approximately simplifying  expression based on it, which helps us to take a computer simulation approach in investigating the impact of information sharing among trading partners on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies in the complex multi-level supply chain model. Z. Huang and A. Gangopadhyay[7] use a comprehensive supply chain model. In fact, their model is simplified: 1) Only two different parameters, low and high, are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand fluctuation by random number generator. 2) Their research doesn’t take into account the demand forecasting. 3) In their research different levels of inventory buffer instead of a specific inventory model are used, and they only examine three different ranges of inventory buffer levels: 100%-150%, 150%-200%, and 200%250%. In this paper, we put forward an improved multi-level supply chain model based on these unlimited. And we compare the impact of different information sharing strategy by building a new supply chain performance function. Especially we use computer program to simulate the different parameters in random number generator which are used to present different levels of uncertainty demand fluctuation under different information sharing strategy scenarios. II. INFORMATION SHARING STRATEGY IN SCM Supply chain management (SCM) is a set of approaches utilized to efficiently integrate suppliers, manufacturers, warehouses, distributors and retailers, so that goods are produced, distributed and delivered at the right quantities, to the right places, and at the right time. In this part, we introduce an important problem in SCM-the bullwhip effect and the suggested solution-information sharing strategy (ISS). A. Bullwhip Effiet andInformation Sharing The Bullwhip effect is one of the most well-known problems of SCM. It refers to the amplification of demand variability resulted from the information distortion in a supply chain where companies upstream do not have information on the actual consumer demand [4]. The effects of the bullwhip effect are: large safety stock, large inventory costs, poor customer service level and inefficient resource use. Its five main causes include: 1) demand forecast update; 2) lead-time;  Authorized licensed use limited to: University Kebangsaan Malaysia. Downloaded on July 23,2010 at 04:55:55 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply. 3) order batching; 4) price fluctuation; and 5) shortage gaming [1, 4]. ISS has long been suggested as a method to reduce the bullwhip effect and to help match supply with demand [1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 19], especially in today’s world where IT enables the information to be shared among supply chain partners. Fisher [20] discussed the relationship among product nature, demand pattern and ISS. Tan and Wang [10] suggested that applying different ISS to the supply chain under different demand patterns may improve the supply chain performance. But the supply chain model of their research was two-level or simplified. Commonly used ISSs include: order information, demand information, shipment information, inventory information and forecast information sharing [10]. Each assumes different information policy and the information can flow upstream or downstream in the supply chain. HA3: there is positive relationship between the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. HA4: there is positive relationship between the demand variability, the inventory buffer level and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance. Furthermore, we assume the two following hypotheses involving  the impact of information sharing on supply chain performance in different information sharing strategies: HB 1: information sharing strategy influences the supply chain performance significantly. HB2: HAl, HA2, HA3 and HA4 come into existence under different information sharing strategy including OISS, DISS and SISS. III. THE DESIGN OF MULTI-LEVEL SUPPLY CHAIN MODEL Our aim to design the multi-level supply chain model is to understand the behaviors of the supply chain and to find out the impact on supply chain performance of different ISS according to end consumers’ demand uncertainty. The performance of the system under a number of different scenarios needs to be measured, which falls into the specific field of computer simulation. B. Basic Information Sharing Strategies In this paper, we will consider three information sharing strategies, which are order information sharing strategy (OISS), demand information strategy (DISS) and sales information sharing strategy (SISS)[ll]. l)Order information sharing strategy(OISS): each tier bases its demand forecast only on the order from the lower tier but does not know other tiers’ inventory, shipment, or delivery. Under OISS, each tiers share their forecasting order information in the planning horizon from downstream to upstream besides the real order. 2)Demand information sharing strategy (DISS): each tier is provided with the real end consumer’s demand. The inventory management system used is the echelon inventory system. Under DISS, each tiers share to their forecasting net demand information with their higher tiers in the planning horizon besides the real order. 3)Shipment information sharing strategy(SISS): which means that each tiers share the historical information of real shipment information. Under SISS, upper tiers sharing their shipment information to their downstream customers can help them make their production /inventory decision. Hypotheses of Peiformances of IS andISSs The overall objective of this research is to study the value of information sharing by examining the combined effects of information sharing, demand variability, and inventory level on supply chain performance. Let Y be the supply chain performance, a be the degrees of information sharing, b be the demand variability, and c be the inventory buffer level [7]. C A. Multi-level Supply Chain Model For a traditional supply chain, each entity only interacts with its immediate upstream and downstream entities, Fig.l, and makes decision based on the information which it can attain for its own optimal goal. Our selection of the four-level information strengthened supply chain model is more generic than the two-level chain structure that is prevalent in most of the current researches. At each level, we have multiple trading partners. Each node/tier interacts with other according to the acquaintance relationship stipulated as the information and physical material flows in Fig.l. Under normal supply chain operation, each tier of the chain generates a forecast for the next period based on the demand that it faces from the previous chain tier. Using information sharing, the central warehouse of each tier has access to its customer demand data and generates its forecast according to that, bypass the information distortion caused by the stores node. We expec t that information sharing can help reducing each tier’s warehouse order oscillation and mean cycle inventory. Y = f(a,b,c) ( 1) Then we assume the four following hypotheses involving the degree of information sharing (a): HAl: there is positive relationship between the degrees of information sharing and the supply chain performance. HA2: there is positive relationship between the demand variability and the effect of information sharing on the supply chain performance.

Back Up Your Writing

Back Up Your Writing Back Up Your Writing Back Up Your Writing By Simon Kewin John Steinbecks dog ate an early draft of Of Mice and Men. Ernest Hemingway famously lost an entire suitcase of his early writings a suitcase that contained his originals and all his copies. The only copy of Thomas Carlyles The History of the French Revolution was destroyed when it was used to light a fire. It took him six months to recreate it. Dylan Thomas managed to lose the script for Under Milk Wood three times. These days, if youre using a computer to create and store your work, none of this should ever happen. While computer hard disks can fail and laptops can be lost or stolen, you should always have your precious work safely backed up. Making copies of computer files is a trivial matter and if disaster strikes, restoring your magnum opus to working order should be a simple matter of a few clicks. Many writers have some informal system for backing up what they create. Perhaps they copy everything to a CD or USB drive from time to time, or email a copy to someone else. These approaches are a good start, but theres no substitute for an automated mechanism. Its all-too easy to forget to carry out a back up. Whole weeks can go by without one being made and that means whole weeks of work can be lost. Computers are good at mundane, repetitive tasks like this whereas people often arent. Ideally, you should make (at least) two backups of everything you write : one local and one off-site or remote. The local one can be used to quickly recover an accidentally-deleted file, or to revert to an earlier version of a manuscript if something has been lost. A USB drive is ideal for this : they are cheap and portable. A 2GB (2 gigabyte) model can hold the manuscript of a 100,000 word novel a couple of thousand times over. You’ll also need some software to automatically perform the back up. There’s lots available, some of it free. The remote backup is vital if disaster really strikes and both computer and local backup are lost (because of, say, theft or fire-damage). There are numerous services available on the internet that will use your broadband connection to back up your files in a safe, remote location. If the worst happens, you can just download them all and carry on working. If you dont have a backup scheme in place, set one up now before its too late. Footnote : Backup and back up are often used interchangeably. The best approach is to treat backup as a noun : the name given to the copy of some data and to use back up as a verb : what you do to create a backup. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Words with More Than One SpellingDisappointed + PrepositionHow to Punctuate Introductory Phrases

28 Super Simple Things You Can Do to Be Happier [Infographic]

28 Super Simple Things You Can Do to Be Happier [Infographic] Sometimes in our daily life, small annoyances and irritations can build up and begin to affect your day to day mood, health and general well-being. It is so easy to get content with our day to day life, but there are always things we can do to improve our well-being and happiness. This infographic by MyBreast outlines 28 simple things you can do every day to improve your happiness, from things as simple as sending an email to an old friend to celebrate small success with people you care about. You could even turn this into a 28 days challenge to improve your life. By the end of 28 days, you should look back and see how much impact small positive things can have over your well-being and happiness. [Source: Mybreast]

Distinguish between and discuss McGregor's Theories and Essay

Distinguish between and discuss McGregor's Theories and Maslow'hierarchy of needs in relation to modern marine management practice - Essay Example Any marine management company would like to keep individuals working for the company engaged and motivated in their work. However, the process of engaging individuals as well as providing the motivation to all concerned parties is not an easy one since motivation is based on several different facets depending on the needs of the individual. Understanding this process of motivation requires careful management, a view of the psychological contract and understanding the work-life balance which prevents employees from burning out (Erdogan, 2005). In terms of individual motivation, people who are better able to create and understand abstract motivational symbols for themselves will have better responses to both internal and external factors that help in the process of motivation (Brown, 1999). For instance, the symbol of money can be understood by any civilization which has a basic economy but the idea of pleasure and other higher order needs may vary from individual to individual. The same is the case with the idea of pain; therefore, an individual may not seek out pleasure or avoid pain in a rational way if they are not clear about the symbolic value of these concepts or if the symbolic connections for the individual are completely different as compared to the ideas upheld by the world around them (Weiner, 1992). In that scenario, the humanistic theory can applied to the concept of motivating individuals towards better performance since it takes a baseline of needs which all human beings have. Maslow is considered to be the authority when it comes to applying the Humanistic perspective to motivation. The central contribution made by Maslow deals with the pyramid of needs which was described by him to show the hierarchy of motivational factors for human beings (Maslow, 1971). The first level of needs that have to be satisfied for an individual are physiological, i.e. Oxygen, nourishment, warmth and other necessities which are required for